INDIUM TIN OXIDE (ITO) AND REPLACEMENT MARKETS: INSIGHT FOR END USERS AND MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1

Chapter 2 ITO and Its Replacements – Preparation and
Characterization 2-1

2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Supply and Demand of Indium 2-4
2.2.1 Indium Production 2-11
2.2.2 Indium Price Evolution 2-15
2.3 Transparent Conducting Oxides 2-17
2.3.1 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) 2-20
2.3.2 Coated ITO 2-21
2.3.3 Zinc Oxide 2-21
2.3.4 Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) 2-26
2.3.5 Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) 2-27
2.3.6 Tin Oxide 2-29
2.4 Transparent Conductive Polymers 2-30
2.4.1 Overview 2-30
2.4.2 Applications 2-32
2.4.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) 2-34
2.4.4 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT:
Poly(styrene sulfonate) PSS 2-34
2.4.5 Poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene) 2-35
2.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanomaterials 2-36
2.5.1 Advantages 2-39
2.5.2 Preparation of CNT thin films 2-40
2.5.3 Comparing CNTs to TCOs 2-42
2.6 Wire 2-43
2.6.1 Ag Wire 2-45
2.6.2 AG Wire Ink 2-45
2.7 Toxicity Issues 2-46

Chapter 3 Deposition Methods And Equipment 3-1

3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 PVD 3-13
3.3 Laser ablation 3-14
3.4 Electric-arc Discharge 3-15
3.5 CVD 3-16
3.6 MOCVD 3-20
3.7 Spray Pyrolysis 3-21
3.8 Pulsed Laser Deposition 3-22
3.9 Reactive PVD 3-24
3.10 Inkjet 3-24

Chapter 4 Applications 4-1

4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Flexible Displays 4-1
4.2.1 ITO-Coated Plastic 4-2
4.2.2 Flexible Alternatives to Plastic 4-4
4.2.3 E-Paper and ITO Alternatives 4-5
4.3 Flat-Panel Displays 4-9
4.3.1 LCD Displays 4-9
4.3.2 Plasma Displays 4-11
4.3.3 OLED Displays 4-13
4.4 Lighting 4-16
4.4.1 OLED Lighting and ITO 4-16
4.4.2 EL Lighting 4-19
4.5 Photovoltaics 4-20
4.5.1 Thin-Film Silicon PV 4-24
4.5.2 Crystalline PV 4-28
4.5.3 Organic PV 4-29
4.6 Touch-Screen Displays 4-30
4.6.1 ITO and Resistive Touch Screens 4-30
4.6.2 ITO and Capacitive Touch Screens 4-33

Chapter 5 Market Forecast 5-1

5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Driving Forces 5-2
5.3 Forecasts by Application 5-3
5.3.1 Flexible Displays 5-9
5.3.2 Flat-Panel Displays 5-12
5.3.3 Lighting 5-14
5.3.4 Photovoltaics 5-17
5.3.5 Touch-Screen Displays 5-19

Appendix

List of Tables

2.1 Indium: World Refinery Production, Reserves and Reserve Base 2-13
2.2 Properties of Conductive Oxides 2-28
2.3 Properties of Conductive Polymers 2-31
2.4 Properties of Silver Electrode Materials 2-45
3.1 Results of Various TCO Deposition Methods 3-2
5.1 Forecast of ITO Films and Substitutes 5-6
5.2 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes For Flexible Displays 5-10
5.3 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes For Flat Panel Displays 5-13
5.4 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes For Lighting 5-16
5.5 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes For Photovoltaics 5-18
5.6 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes For Touch- Screen Displays 5-20
A.1 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes By Area and Weight A-1
A.2 Forecast of Transparent Electrodes By Revenue A-3

List of Figures

2.1 Price of Indium 2-16
2.2 Properties of ITO/AZO Structure 2-26
2.3 Panel Structure of Electronic Paper 2-33
2.4 Schematic of Dip Coating 2-41
2.5 Schematic of Slot Die Coating 2-41
2.6 Schematic of Gravure Coating 2-42
3.1 Schematic of Laser Ablation 3-15
3.2 Schematic of Electric Arc Discharge 3-15
3.3 Schematic of CVD 3-17
3.4 Schematic of MOCVD 3-20
3.5 Schematic of Spray Pyrolysis 3-21
3.6 Schematic of Pulsed Laser Deposition 3-23
3.7 Schematic of Reactive PVD 3-24
4.1 Schematic of Elecrysta Film 4-3
4.2 Panel Structure of Electronic Paper 4-5
4.3 Chemical Structures of Pedot/PSS 4-7
4.4 Flexible E-Paper 4-8
4.5 ITO Pixel In TFT Panel 4-9
4.6 ITO Electrode on TFT Panel 4-10
4.7 ITO Electrode on Plasma Display 4-12
4.8 Schematic of OLED Display 4-14
4.9 Schematic of OLED Lighting 4-17
4.10 Schematic of OLED Lighting 4-18
4.11 Schematic of EL Lighting 4-19
4.12 Comparison of TCO Features For PV 4-21
4.13 Comparison of AZO And Ito Features For PV 4-22
4.14 Comparison of TCO On CIGS 4-24
4.15 Schematic of Amorphous Silicon PV 4-25
4.16 Schematic of Crystalline PV 4-28
4.17 Organic PV With Silver Wires 4-29
4.18 ITO on Resistive Touch Screen 4-31
4.19 ITO on Capacitive Touch Screen 4-33
5.1 ITO Target Market Forecast 5-4
5.2 ITO as Percentage of Transparent Conductor Market 5-7
5.3 Forecast Of Square Meters Of ITO And Non-ITO Films 5-8